Non-polymer PFAS can build up in blood protein of animals, and is not always removed quickly. This means that predators eating PFAS-contaminated food will have higher levels in their bloodstream, and concentrations can increase up the food chain. Studies suggest that build up of PFAS is similar to those of other Persistent Organic Pollutants such as DDT.PFAS are estimated to be settling in arctic regions at rates of tens to hundreds of kilograms per year (25-850kg per year), depending on the specific PFAS chemical in question. Certain PFAS are released as gases to the environment and are blown a long way by wind and air currents in the atmosphere,. These gas PFAS will over time degrade to more persistent chemicals like PFOS and PFOA. This may be one reason why PFAS of environmental concern have been found in remote regions such as the Arctic as well as near PFAS production sitesPFAS including PFOS and PFOA have been found in air samples around Europe. The chemicals are found in small quantities, but appear in almost all samples tested. PFAS enters the atmosphere both from factories and the air inside our homes. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17554424 PFAS is found in treated waste water from industrial and domestic sources and has been found in both rivers and groundwater. Conventional drinking water processes will not remove PFAS.PFAS-coated clothes that are thrown away will often end up either incinerated or in landfill. Unless incinerated at very high temperatures (>1000oC), fluorinated polymers could release more harmful PFAS during burning. PFAS of environmental concern have also been found in landfill leachate. Non-polymer PFAS are used in the production of fluorinated polymers. The manufacture of stain-resistant finishes generally releases these PFASs into the environment, both by air and water emissions. They are very hard to remove during water treatment. Workers in textiles factories are some of the population most exposed to these potentially harmful chemicals. Small quantities of PFAS will be removed during wash and wear of products containing PFAS. This includes fluorinated polymers used on stain-resistant coatings, and non-polymers that remain on clothes after production (Lassen et al. 2015).Most UK waste still ends up in landfill, and this includes PFAS-containing products. Studies have shown that the liquid coming from landfills (known as leachate) often contain non-polymer PFAS chemicals. In the USA the total quantities were estimated at 563-638 kg in 2013. To properly break down PFAS chemicals high temperature (1000oC or more) incineration is recommended. Incineration of municipal waste does not necessarily reach these temperatures (min temp. required is 850oC), and the incomplete breakdown could release non-polymer PFAS.Wash and wear of clothing that contains PFAS-based stain-resistant or water repellent finishes release PFAS to the environment. Coatings are thought to lose effectiveness after 20-30 washes. This can include non-polymer PFAS, remnant from production or as a break-down product of side-chain polymers (Lassen et al. 2015). The manufacture of stain-resistant finishes releases PFAS into the environment, both by air and water emissions. PFAS are very hard to remove during water treatment. Industrial emissions are estimated to be the biggest source of these chemicals to the environment.

Retailers

We know that school uniforms aren’t always bought in supermarkets, and there are many small, independent researchers and suppliers on the market. We are compiling a list of these UK retailers, with information on their use of PFAS.

If you get your uniforms from an independent retailer, and you can’t find them on our list, please get in touch with us, and we’ll add them to the database.

Store

Overview

Town

Academy School Uniforms

www.academyuniformsltd.co.uk

East Kilbride

Aitken and Niven

https://www.aitken-niven.co.uk/

Edinburgh, Aberdeen

AlleyCatz Limited

Hersham (and online)

Anglia Sports & Schoolwear

Clacton on Sea, Online

Sells unbranded PFAS-coated uniforms.

Brixton, London

Big Fish Schoolwear

Nottingham

Border Embroidery (BE Schoolwear)

Greenlaw (and online)

North Finchley, London

Crested Schoolwear

Online retailer working with David Luke and Trutex.

Stafford, Cannock, Walsall, Wolverhampton

East Ham, London (+Online)

Aberystwyth, Online

Forest Casual Wear

Loughton

Blackburn

Hewitts of Croydon

Croydon

Hucknall Sports & Schoolwear Centre

Hucknall

Musselburgh, Online

Manchester

Bedford

St Brelade, Jersey

Just Schoolwear

See Academy School Uniforms

Nottingham, Online

Khalsa Schoolwear

London, Online

Liverpool

McCalls of Lisburn

Lisburn

London, Leeds

Rotherham, Sheffield, Online

Enniskillen

Sheffield, Online

School Uniform Expert

Exeter, Online

School Uniform Shop

Hereford, Online

Screens Schoolwear

Lowestoft

Peterborough

Enfield, Cockfosters

Cheltenham

St Leonards On Sea

Derby

Universal Uniform (The Schoolwear Company)

Cheltenham

Leighton Buzzard

Whitehall Clothing

Lewisham

Whittakers Schoolwear

Blackburn

Wirral Uniform Centre

Birkenhead